Oracle SQL Queries Most Frequently Asked In CDW Written Test Interview
Checking autoextend on/off for Tablespaces
Query to check if autoextend is on or off for a given tablespace.
SELECT SUBSTR (file_name, 1, 50), AUTOEXTENSIBLE FROM dba_data_files;
(OR)
SELECT tablespace_name, AUTOEXTENSIBLE FROM dba_data_files;
Adding datafile to a tablespace
Query to add datafile in a tablespace.
ALTER TABLESPACE data01 ADD DATAFILE '/work/oradata/STARTST/data01.dbf'
SIZE 1000M AUTOEXTEND OFF;
Increasing datafile size
Yet another query to increase the datafile size of a given datafile.
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/u01/app/Test_data_01.dbf' RESIZE 2G;
Find the Actual size of a Database
Gives the actual database size in GB.
SELECT SUM (bytes) / 1024 / 1024 / 1024 AS GB FROM dba_data_files;
Find the size occupied by Data in a Database or Database usage details
Gives the size occupied by data in this database.
SELECT SUM (bytes) / 1024 / 1024 / 1024 AS GB FROM dba_segments;
Find the size of the SCHEMA/USER
Give the size of user in MBs.
SELECT SUM (bytes / 1024 / 1024) "size"
FROM dba_segments
WHERE owner = '&owner';
Last SQL fired by the User on Database
This query will display last SQL query fired by each user in this database. Notice how this query display last SQL per each session.
SELECT S.USERNAME || '(' || s.sid || ')-' || s.osuser UNAME,
s.program || '-' || s.terminal || '(' || s.machine || ')' PROG,
s.sid || '/' || s.serial# sid,
s.status "Status",
p.spid,
sql_text sqltext
FROM v$sqltext_with_newlines t, V$SESSION s, v$process p
WHERE t.address = s.sql_address
AND p.addr = s.paddr(+)
AND t.hash_value = s.sql_hash_value
ORDER BY s.sid, t.piece;
CPU usage of the USER
Displays CPU usage for each User. Useful to understand database load by user.
SELECT ss.username, se.SID, VALUE / 100 cpu_usage_seconds
FROM v$session ss, v$sesstat se, v$statname sn
WHERE se.STATISTIC# = sn.STATISTIC#
AND NAME LIKE '%CPU used by this session%'
AND se.SID = ss.SID
AND ss.status = 'ACTIVE'
AND ss.username IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY VALUE DESC;
Long Query progress in database
Show the progress of long running queries.
SELECT a.sid,
a.serial#,
b.username,
opname OPERATION,
target OBJECT,
TRUNC (elapsed_seconds, 5) "ET (s)",
TO_CHAR (start_time, 'HH24:MI:SS') start_time,
ROUND ( (sofar / totalwork) * 100, 2) "COMPLETE (%)"
FROM v$session_longops a, v$session b
WHERE a.sid = b.sid
AND b.username NOT IN ('SYS', 'SYSTEM')
AND totalwork > 0
ORDER BY elapsed_seconds;
Get current session id, process id, client process id?
This is for those who wants to do some voodoo magic using process ids and session ids.
SELECT b.sid,
b.serial#,
a.spid processid,
b.process clientpid
FROM v$process a, v$session b
WHERE a.addr = b.paddr AND b.audsid = USERENV ('sessionid');
V$SESSION.SID AND V$SESSION.SERIAL# is database process id
V$PROCESS.SPID is shadow process id on this database server
V$SESSION.PROCESS is client PROCESS ID, ON windows it IS : separated THE FIRST # IS THE PROCESS ID ON THE client AND 2nd one IS THE THREAD id.
Last SQL Fired from particular Schema or Table:
SELECT CREATED, TIMESTAMP, last_ddl_time
FROM all_objects
WHERE OWNER = 'MYSCHEMA'
AND OBJECT_TYPE = 'TABLE'
AND OBJECT_NAME = 'EMPLOYEE_TABLE';
Find Top 10 SQL by reads per execution
SELECT *
FROM ( SELECT ROWNUM,
SUBSTR (a.sql_text, 1, 200) sql_text,
TRUNC (
a.disk_reads / DECODE (a.executions, 0, 1, a.executions))
reads_per_execution,
a.buffer_gets,
a.disk_reads,
a.executions,
a.sorts,
a.address
FROM v$sqlarea a
ORDER BY 3 DESC)
WHERE ROWNUM < 10;
Oracle SQL query over the view that shows actual Oracle connections.
SELECT osuser,
username,
machine,
program
FROM v$session
ORDER BY osuser;
Oracle SQL query that show the opened connections group by the program that opens the connection.
SELECT program application, COUNT (program) Numero_Sesiones
FROM v$session
GROUP BY program
ORDER BY Numero_Sesiones DESC;
Oracle SQL query that shows Oracle users connected and the sessions number for user
SELECT username Usuario_Oracle, COUNT (username) Numero_Sesiones
FROM v$session
GROUP BY username
ORDER BY Numero_Sesiones DESC;
Get number of objects per owner
SELECT owner, COUNT (owner) number_of_objects
FROM dba_objects
GROUP BY owner
ORDER BY number_of_objects DESC;
Convert number to words
More info: Converting number into words in Oracle
SELECT TO_CHAR (TO_DATE (1526, 'j'), 'jsp') FROM DUAL;
Output:
one thousand five hundred twenty-six
Find string in package source code
Below query will search for string ‘FOO_SOMETHING’ in all package source. This query comes handy when you want to find a particular procedure or function call from all the source code.
--search a string foo_something in package source code
SELECT *
FROM dba_source
WHERE UPPER (text) LIKE '%FOO_SOMETHING%'
AND owner = 'USER_NAME';
Convert Comma Separated Values into Table
The query can come quite handy when you have comma separated data string that you need to convert into table so that you can use other SQL queries like IN or NOT IN. Here we are converting ‘AA,BB,CC,DD,EE,FF’ string to table containing AA, BB, CC etc. as each row. Once you have this table you can join it with other table to quickly do some useful stuffs.
WITH csv
AS (SELECT 'AA,BB,CC,DD,EE,FF'
AS csvdata
FROM DUAL)
SELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR (csv.csvdata, '[^,]+', 1, LEVEL) pivot_char
FROM DUAL, csv
CONNECT BY REGEXP_SUBSTR (csv.csvdata,'[^,]+', 1, LEVEL) IS NOT NULL;
Find the last record from a table
This ones straight forward. Use this when your table does not have primary key or you cannot be sure if record having max primary key is the latest one.
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE ROWID IN (SELECT MAX (ROWID) FROM employees);
(OR)
SELECT * FROM employees
MINUS
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE ROWNUM < (SELECT COUNT (*) FROM employees);
Row Data Multiplication in Oracle
This query use some tricky math functions to multiply values from each row. Read below article for more details.
More info: Row Data Multiplication In Oracle
WITH tbl
AS (SELECT -2 num FROM DUAL
UNION
SELECT -3 num FROM DUAL
UNION
SELECT -4 num FROM DUAL),
sign_val
AS (SELECT CASE MOD (COUNT (*), 2) WHEN 0 THEN 1 ELSE -1 END val
FROM tbl
WHERE num < 0)
SELECT EXP (SUM (LN (ABS (num)))) * val
FROM tbl, sign_val
GROUP BY val;
Generating Random Data In Oracle
You might want to generate some random data to quickly insert in table for testing. Below query help you do that. Read this article for more details.
More info: Random Data in Oracle
SELECT LEVEL empl_id,
MOD (ROWNUM, 50000) dept_id,
TRUNC (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1000, 500000), 2) salary,
DECODE (ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1, 2)), 1, 'M', 2, 'F') gender,
TO_DATE (
ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1, 28))
|| '-'
|| ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1, 12))
|| '-'
|| ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1900, 2010)),
'DD-MM-YYYY')
dob,
DBMS_RANDOM.STRING ('x', DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (20, 50)) address
FROM DUAL
CONNECT BY LEVEL < 10000;
Random number generator in Oracle
Plain old random number generator in Oracle. This ones generate a random number between 0 and 100. Change the multiplier to number that you want to set limit for.
--generate random number between 0 and 100
SELECT ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE () * 100) + 1 AS random_num FROM DUAL;
Check if table contains any data
This one can be written in multiple ways. You can create count(*) on a table to know number of rows. But this query is more efficient given the fact that we are only interested in knowing if table has any data.
SELECT 1
FROM TABLE_NAME
WHERE ROWNUM = 1;
Write a SQL query to find the products which have continuous increase in sales every year?
Solution:
Here “Iphone” is the only product whose sales are increasing every year.
STEP1: First we will get the previous year sales for each product. The SQL query to do this is
SELECT P.PRODUCT_NAME,
S.YEAR,
S.QUANTITY,
LEAD(S.QUANTITY,1,0) OVER (
PARTITION BY P.PRODUCT_ID
ORDER BY S.YEAR DESC
) QUAN_PREV_YEAR
FROM PRODUCTS P,
SALES S
WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = S.PRODUCT_ID;
Here the lead analytic function will get the quantity of a product in its previous year.
STEP 2: We will find the difference between the quantities of a product with its previous year’s quantity. If this difference is greater than or equal to zero for all the rows, then the product is a constantly increasing in sales. The final query to get the required result is
SELECT PRODUCT_NAME
FROM
(
SELECT P.PRODUCT_NAME,
S.QUANTITY -
LEAD(S.QUANTITY,1,0) OVER (
PARTITION BY P.PRODUCT_ID
ORDER BY S.YEAR DESC
) QUAN_DIFF
FROM PRODUCTS P,
SALES S
WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = S.PRODUCT_ID
)A
GROUP BY PRODUCT_NAME
HAVING MIN(QUAN_DIFF) >= 0;
PRODUCT_NAME
------------
IPhone
Write a SQL query to find the products which does not have sales at all?
Solution:
“LG” is the only product which does not have sales at all. This can be achieved in three ways.
Method 1: Using left outer join.
SELECT P.PRODUCT_NAME
FROM PRODUCTS P
LEFT OUTER JOIN
SALES S
ON (P.PRODUCT_ID = S.PRODUCT_ID);
WHERE S.QUANTITY IS NULL
PRODUCT_NAME
------------
LG
Method 2: Using the NOT IN operator.
SELECT P.PRODUCT_NAME
FROM PRODUCTS P
WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID NOT IN
(SELECT DISTINCT PRODUCT_ID FROM SALES);
PRODUCT_NAME
------------
LG
Method 3: Using the NOT EXISTS operator.
SELECT P.PRODUCT_NAME
FROM PRODUCTS P
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT 1 FROM SALES S WHERE S.PRODUCT_ID = P.PRODUCT_ID);
PRODUCT_NAME
------------
LG
Write a SQL query to find the products whose sales decreased in 2012 compared to 2011?
Solution:
Here Nokia is the only product whose sales decreased in year 2012 when compared with the sales in the year 2011. The SQL query to get the required output is
SELECT P.PRODUCT_NAME
FROM PRODUCTS P,
SALES S_2012,
SALES S_2011
WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = S_2012.PRODUCT_ID
AND S_2012.YEAR = 2012
AND S_2011.YEAR = 2011
AND S_2012.PRODUCT_ID = S_2011.PRODUCT_ID
AND S_2012.QUANTITY < S_2011.QUANTITY;
PRODUCT_NAME
------------
Nokia
Write a query to select the top product sold in each year?
Solution:
Nokia is the top product sold in the year 2010. Similarly, Samsung in 2011 and IPhone, Samsung in 2012. The query for this is
SELECT PRODUCT_NAME,
YEAR
FROM
(
SELECT P.PRODUCT_NAME,
S.YEAR,
RANK() OVER (
PARTITION BY S.YEAR
ORDER BY S.QUANTITY DESC
) RNK
FROM PRODUCTS P,
SALES S
WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = S.PRODUCT_ID
) A
WHERE RNK = 1;
Checking autoextend on/off for Tablespaces
Query to check if autoextend is on or off for a given tablespace.
SELECT SUBSTR (file_name, 1, 50), AUTOEXTENSIBLE FROM dba_data_files;
(OR)
SELECT tablespace_name, AUTOEXTENSIBLE FROM dba_data_files;
Adding datafile to a tablespace
Query to add datafile in a tablespace.
ALTER TABLESPACE data01 ADD DATAFILE '/work/oradata/STARTST/data01.dbf'
SIZE 1000M AUTOEXTEND OFF;
Increasing datafile size
Yet another query to increase the datafile size of a given datafile.
ALTER DATABASE DATAFILE '/u01/app/Test_data_01.dbf' RESIZE 2G;
Find the Actual size of a Database
Gives the actual database size in GB.
SELECT SUM (bytes) / 1024 / 1024 / 1024 AS GB FROM dba_data_files;
Find the size occupied by Data in a Database or Database usage details
Gives the size occupied by data in this database.
SELECT SUM (bytes) / 1024 / 1024 / 1024 AS GB FROM dba_segments;
Find the size of the SCHEMA/USER
Give the size of user in MBs.
SELECT SUM (bytes / 1024 / 1024) "size"
FROM dba_segments
WHERE owner = '&owner';
 |
| Oracle SQL Queries Most Frequently Asked In CDW Written Test Interview |
Last SQL fired by the User on Database
This query will display last SQL query fired by each user in this database. Notice how this query display last SQL per each session.
SELECT S.USERNAME || '(' || s.sid || ')-' || s.osuser UNAME,
s.program || '-' || s.terminal || '(' || s.machine || ')' PROG,
s.sid || '/' || s.serial# sid,
s.status "Status",
p.spid,
sql_text sqltext
FROM v$sqltext_with_newlines t, V$SESSION s, v$process p
WHERE t.address = s.sql_address
AND p.addr = s.paddr(+)
AND t.hash_value = s.sql_hash_value
ORDER BY s.sid, t.piece;
CPU usage of the USER
Displays CPU usage for each User. Useful to understand database load by user.
SELECT ss.username, se.SID, VALUE / 100 cpu_usage_seconds
FROM v$session ss, v$sesstat se, v$statname sn
WHERE se.STATISTIC# = sn.STATISTIC#
AND NAME LIKE '%CPU used by this session%'
AND se.SID = ss.SID
AND ss.status = 'ACTIVE'
AND ss.username IS NOT NULL
ORDER BY VALUE DESC;
Long Query progress in database
Show the progress of long running queries.
SELECT a.sid,
a.serial#,
b.username,
opname OPERATION,
target OBJECT,
TRUNC (elapsed_seconds, 5) "ET (s)",
TO_CHAR (start_time, 'HH24:MI:SS') start_time,
ROUND ( (sofar / totalwork) * 100, 2) "COMPLETE (%)"
FROM v$session_longops a, v$session b
WHERE a.sid = b.sid
AND b.username NOT IN ('SYS', 'SYSTEM')
AND totalwork > 0
ORDER BY elapsed_seconds;
Get current session id, process id, client process id?
This is for those who wants to do some voodoo magic using process ids and session ids.
SELECT b.sid,
b.serial#,
a.spid processid,
b.process clientpid
FROM v$process a, v$session b
WHERE a.addr = b.paddr AND b.audsid = USERENV ('sessionid');
V$SESSION.SID AND V$SESSION.SERIAL# is database process id
V$PROCESS.SPID is shadow process id on this database server
V$SESSION.PROCESS is client PROCESS ID, ON windows it IS : separated THE FIRST # IS THE PROCESS ID ON THE client AND 2nd one IS THE THREAD id.
Last SQL Fired from particular Schema or Table:
SELECT CREATED, TIMESTAMP, last_ddl_time
FROM all_objects
WHERE OWNER = 'MYSCHEMA'
AND OBJECT_TYPE = 'TABLE'
AND OBJECT_NAME = 'EMPLOYEE_TABLE';
Find Top 10 SQL by reads per execution
SELECT *
FROM ( SELECT ROWNUM,
SUBSTR (a.sql_text, 1, 200) sql_text,
TRUNC (
a.disk_reads / DECODE (a.executions, 0, 1, a.executions))
reads_per_execution,
a.buffer_gets,
a.disk_reads,
a.executions,
a.sorts,
a.address
FROM v$sqlarea a
ORDER BY 3 DESC)
WHERE ROWNUM < 10;
Oracle SQL query over the view that shows actual Oracle connections.
SELECT osuser,
username,
machine,
program
FROM v$session
ORDER BY osuser;
Oracle SQL query that show the opened connections group by the program that opens the connection.
SELECT program application, COUNT (program) Numero_Sesiones
FROM v$session
GROUP BY program
ORDER BY Numero_Sesiones DESC;
Oracle SQL query that shows Oracle users connected and the sessions number for user
SELECT username Usuario_Oracle, COUNT (username) Numero_Sesiones
FROM v$session
GROUP BY username
ORDER BY Numero_Sesiones DESC;
Get number of objects per owner
SELECT owner, COUNT (owner) number_of_objects
FROM dba_objects
GROUP BY owner
ORDER BY number_of_objects DESC;
Convert number to words
More info: Converting number into words in Oracle
SELECT TO_CHAR (TO_DATE (1526, 'j'), 'jsp') FROM DUAL;
Output:
one thousand five hundred twenty-six
Find string in package source code
Below query will search for string ‘FOO_SOMETHING’ in all package source. This query comes handy when you want to find a particular procedure or function call from all the source code.
--search a string foo_something in package source code
SELECT *
FROM dba_source
WHERE UPPER (text) LIKE '%FOO_SOMETHING%'
AND owner = 'USER_NAME';
Convert Comma Separated Values into Table
The query can come quite handy when you have comma separated data string that you need to convert into table so that you can use other SQL queries like IN or NOT IN. Here we are converting ‘AA,BB,CC,DD,EE,FF’ string to table containing AA, BB, CC etc. as each row. Once you have this table you can join it with other table to quickly do some useful stuffs.
WITH csv
AS (SELECT 'AA,BB,CC,DD,EE,FF'
AS csvdata
FROM DUAL)
SELECT REGEXP_SUBSTR (csv.csvdata, '[^,]+', 1, LEVEL) pivot_char
FROM DUAL, csv
CONNECT BY REGEXP_SUBSTR (csv.csvdata,'[^,]+', 1, LEVEL) IS NOT NULL;
Find the last record from a table
This ones straight forward. Use this when your table does not have primary key or you cannot be sure if record having max primary key is the latest one.
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE ROWID IN (SELECT MAX (ROWID) FROM employees);
(OR)
SELECT * FROM employees
MINUS
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE ROWNUM < (SELECT COUNT (*) FROM employees);
Row Data Multiplication in Oracle
This query use some tricky math functions to multiply values from each row. Read below article for more details.
More info: Row Data Multiplication In Oracle
WITH tbl
AS (SELECT -2 num FROM DUAL
UNION
SELECT -3 num FROM DUAL
UNION
SELECT -4 num FROM DUAL),
sign_val
AS (SELECT CASE MOD (COUNT (*), 2) WHEN 0 THEN 1 ELSE -1 END val
FROM tbl
WHERE num < 0)
SELECT EXP (SUM (LN (ABS (num)))) * val
FROM tbl, sign_val
GROUP BY val;
Generating Random Data In Oracle
You might want to generate some random data to quickly insert in table for testing. Below query help you do that. Read this article for more details.
More info: Random Data in Oracle
SELECT LEVEL empl_id,
MOD (ROWNUM, 50000) dept_id,
TRUNC (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1000, 500000), 2) salary,
DECODE (ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1, 2)), 1, 'M', 2, 'F') gender,
TO_DATE (
ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1, 28))
|| '-'
|| ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1, 12))
|| '-'
|| ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (1900, 2010)),
'DD-MM-YYYY')
dob,
DBMS_RANDOM.STRING ('x', DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE (20, 50)) address
FROM DUAL
CONNECT BY LEVEL < 10000;
Random number generator in Oracle
Plain old random number generator in Oracle. This ones generate a random number between 0 and 100. Change the multiplier to number that you want to set limit for.
--generate random number between 0 and 100
SELECT ROUND (DBMS_RANDOM.VALUE () * 100) + 1 AS random_num FROM DUAL;
Check if table contains any data
This one can be written in multiple ways. You can create count(*) on a table to know number of rows. But this query is more efficient given the fact that we are only interested in knowing if table has any data.
SELECT 1
FROM TABLE_NAME
WHERE ROWNUM = 1;
Write a SQL query to find the products which have continuous increase in sales every year?
Solution:
Here “Iphone” is the only product whose sales are increasing every year.
STEP1: First we will get the previous year sales for each product. The SQL query to do this is
SELECT P.PRODUCT_NAME,
S.YEAR,
S.QUANTITY,
LEAD(S.QUANTITY,1,0) OVER (
PARTITION BY P.PRODUCT_ID
ORDER BY S.YEAR DESC
) QUAN_PREV_YEAR
FROM PRODUCTS P,
SALES S
WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = S.PRODUCT_ID;
Here the lead analytic function will get the quantity of a product in its previous year.
STEP 2: We will find the difference between the quantities of a product with its previous year’s quantity. If this difference is greater than or equal to zero for all the rows, then the product is a constantly increasing in sales. The final query to get the required result is
SELECT PRODUCT_NAME
FROM
(
SELECT P.PRODUCT_NAME,
S.QUANTITY -
LEAD(S.QUANTITY,1,0) OVER (
PARTITION BY P.PRODUCT_ID
ORDER BY S.YEAR DESC
) QUAN_DIFF
FROM PRODUCTS P,
SALES S
WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = S.PRODUCT_ID
)A
GROUP BY PRODUCT_NAME
HAVING MIN(QUAN_DIFF) >= 0;
PRODUCT_NAME
------------
IPhone
Write a SQL query to find the products which does not have sales at all?
Solution:
“LG” is the only product which does not have sales at all. This can be achieved in three ways.
Method 1: Using left outer join.
SELECT P.PRODUCT_NAME
FROM PRODUCTS P
LEFT OUTER JOIN
SALES S
ON (P.PRODUCT_ID = S.PRODUCT_ID);
WHERE S.QUANTITY IS NULL
PRODUCT_NAME
------------
LG
Method 2: Using the NOT IN operator.
SELECT P.PRODUCT_NAME
FROM PRODUCTS P
WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID NOT IN
(SELECT DISTINCT PRODUCT_ID FROM SALES);
PRODUCT_NAME
------------
LG
Method 3: Using the NOT EXISTS operator.
SELECT P.PRODUCT_NAME
FROM PRODUCTS P
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT 1 FROM SALES S WHERE S.PRODUCT_ID = P.PRODUCT_ID);
PRODUCT_NAME
------------
LG
Write a SQL query to find the products whose sales decreased in 2012 compared to 2011?
Solution:
Here Nokia is the only product whose sales decreased in year 2012 when compared with the sales in the year 2011. The SQL query to get the required output is
SELECT P.PRODUCT_NAME
FROM PRODUCTS P,
SALES S_2012,
SALES S_2011
WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = S_2012.PRODUCT_ID
AND S_2012.YEAR = 2012
AND S_2011.YEAR = 2011
AND S_2012.PRODUCT_ID = S_2011.PRODUCT_ID
AND S_2012.QUANTITY < S_2011.QUANTITY;
PRODUCT_NAME
------------
Nokia
Write a query to select the top product sold in each year?
Solution:
Nokia is the top product sold in the year 2010. Similarly, Samsung in 2011 and IPhone, Samsung in 2012. The query for this is
SELECT PRODUCT_NAME,
YEAR
FROM
(
SELECT P.PRODUCT_NAME,
S.YEAR,
RANK() OVER (
PARTITION BY S.YEAR
ORDER BY S.QUANTITY DESC
) RNK
FROM PRODUCTS P,
SALES S
WHERE P.PRODUCT_ID = S.PRODUCT_ID
) A
WHERE RNK = 1;
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