What Is Union?
Join is data retrieval operation that combines multiple query outputs of the same structure into a single output. By default the MySQL UNION removes all duplicate rows from the result set even if you don’t explicit using DISTINCT after the keyword UNION.
SELECT customerNumber id, contactLastname name
FROM customers
UNION
SELECT employeeNurrber id, firstname name
FROM employees
id name
103 Schmitt
112 King
114 Ferguson
119 Labrune
121 Bergulfsen
What Is Isam?
ISAM (Indexed Sequential Access Method) was developed by IBM to store and retrieve data on secondary storage systems like tapes.
What Is Innodb?
lnnoDB is a transaction safe storage engine developed by Innobase Oy (an Oracle company now).
What Is Bdb (berkeleydb)?
BDB (BerkeleyDB) is transaction safe storage engine originally developed at U.C. Berkeley. It is now developed by Sleepycat Software, Inc. (an Oracle company now).
What Is Csv?
CSV (Comma Separated Values) is a file format used to store database table contents, where one table row is stored as one line in the file, and each data field is separated with comma.
What Is Transaction?
A transaction is a logical unit of work requested by a user to be applied to the database objects. MySQL server introduces the transaction concept to allow users to group one or more SQL statements into a single transaction, so that the effects of all the SQL statements in a transaction can be either all committed (applied to the database) or all rolled back (undone from the database).
What Is Commit?
Commit is a way to terminate a transaction with all database changes to be saved permanently to the database server.
What Is Rollback?
Rollback is a way to terminate a transaction with all database changes not saving to the database server.
How Many Groups Of Data Types?
MySQL support 3 groups of data types as listed below:
String Data Types - CHAR, NCHAR, VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, BINARY, VARBINARY, TINYBLOB, TINYTEXT, BLOB, TEXT, MEDIUMBLOB, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGBLOB, LONGTEXT, ENUM, SET.
Numeric Data Types - BIT, TINYINT, BOOLEAN, SMALLINT, MEDIUMINT, INTEGER, BIGINT, FLOAT, DOUBLE, REAL, DECIMAL.
Date and Time Data Types - DATE, DATETIME, TIMESTAMP, TIME, YEAR.
What Is The Differences Between Char And Nchar?
Both CHAR and NCHAR are fixed length string data types. But they have the following differences:
CHARs full name is CHARACTER.
NCHARs full name is NATIONAL CHARACTER.
By default, CHAR uses ASCII character set. So 1 character is always stored as 1 byte.
By default, NCHAR uses Unicode character set. NCHAR data are stored in UTF8 format. So 1 character could be stored as 1 byte or upto 4 bytes.
Both CHAR and NCHAR columns are defined with fixed lengths in units of characters.
How To Escape Special Characters In Sql Statements?
There are a number of special characters that needs to be escaped (protected), if you want to include them in a character string. Here are some basic character escaping rules:
The escape character () needs to be escaped as (\).
The single quote (‘) needs to be escaped as (‘) or (“) in single-quote quoted strings.
The double quote () needs to be escaped as (“) or (““) in double-quote quoted strings.
The wild card character for a single character () needs to be escaped as (_).
The wild card character for multiple characters (%) needs to be escaped as (%).
The tab character needs to be escaped as (t).
The new line character needs to be escaped as (n).
The carriage return character needs to be escaped as (r).
How To Concatenate Two Character Strings?
If you want concatenate multiple character strings into one, you need to use the CONCAT() function. Here are some good examples:
SELECT CONCAT(’Welcome’,’ to’) FROM DUAL;
Welcome to
SELECT CONCAT(wj’,’center’,’.com’) FROM DUAL;
wisdomjobs.com
How To Enter Characters As Hex Numbers?
If you want to enter characters as HEX numbers, you can quote HEX numbers with single quotes and a prefix of (X), or just prefix HEX numbers with (Ox). A HEX number string will be automatically converted into a character string, if the expression context is a string. Here are some good examples:
SELECT X313233’ FROM DUAL;
123
SELECT 0x414243 FROM DUAL;
ABC
How To Enter Boolean Values In Sql Statements?
If you want to enter Boolean values in SQL statements, you use (TRUE), (FALSE), (true), or (false). Here are some good examples:
SELECT TRUE, true, FALSE, false FROM DUAL;
How To Convert Numeric Values To Character Strings?
You can convert numeric values to character strings by using the CAST(value AS CHAR) function as shown in the following examples:
SELECT CAST(4123.45700 AS CHAR) FROM DUAL;
4123.45700
How To Get Rid Of The Last 2 0's?
SELECT CAST(4.12345700E+3 AS CHAR) FROM DUAL;
4123.457
SELECT CAST(1/3 AS CHAR);
0.3333
How To Use In Conditions?
An IN condition is single value again a list of values. It returns TRUE, if the specified value is in the list. Otherwise, it returns FALSE. Some examples are :
SELECT 3 IN (1,2,3,4,5) FROM DUAL;
1
SELECT 3 NOT IN (1,2,3,4,5) FROM DUAL;
0
SELECT Y’ IN (‘F’,’Y’,I) FROM DUAL;
1
How To Use Like Conditions?
A LIKE condition is also called pattern patch. There are 3 main rules on using LIKE condition:
is used in the pattern to match any one character.
% is used in the pattern to match any zero or more characters.
ESCAPE clause is used to provide the escape character in the pattern.
Join is data retrieval operation that combines multiple query outputs of the same structure into a single output. By default the MySQL UNION removes all duplicate rows from the result set even if you don’t explicit using DISTINCT after the keyword UNION.
SELECT customerNumber id, contactLastname name
FROM customers
UNION
SELECT employeeNurrber id, firstname name
FROM employees
id name
103 Schmitt
112 King
114 Ferguson
119 Labrune
121 Bergulfsen
What Is Isam?
ISAM (Indexed Sequential Access Method) was developed by IBM to store and retrieve data on secondary storage systems like tapes.
What Is Innodb?
lnnoDB is a transaction safe storage engine developed by Innobase Oy (an Oracle company now).
 |
| TIBCO Software Most Frequently Asked Latest MySQL Interview Questions Answers |
What Is Bdb (berkeleydb)?
BDB (BerkeleyDB) is transaction safe storage engine originally developed at U.C. Berkeley. It is now developed by Sleepycat Software, Inc. (an Oracle company now).
What Is Csv?
CSV (Comma Separated Values) is a file format used to store database table contents, where one table row is stored as one line in the file, and each data field is separated with comma.
What Is Transaction?
A transaction is a logical unit of work requested by a user to be applied to the database objects. MySQL server introduces the transaction concept to allow users to group one or more SQL statements into a single transaction, so that the effects of all the SQL statements in a transaction can be either all committed (applied to the database) or all rolled back (undone from the database).
What Is Commit?
Commit is a way to terminate a transaction with all database changes to be saved permanently to the database server.
What Is Rollback?
Rollback is a way to terminate a transaction with all database changes not saving to the database server.
How Many Groups Of Data Types?
MySQL support 3 groups of data types as listed below:
String Data Types - CHAR, NCHAR, VARCHAR, NVARCHAR, BINARY, VARBINARY, TINYBLOB, TINYTEXT, BLOB, TEXT, MEDIUMBLOB, MEDIUMTEXT, LONGBLOB, LONGTEXT, ENUM, SET.
Numeric Data Types - BIT, TINYINT, BOOLEAN, SMALLINT, MEDIUMINT, INTEGER, BIGINT, FLOAT, DOUBLE, REAL, DECIMAL.
Date and Time Data Types - DATE, DATETIME, TIMESTAMP, TIME, YEAR.
What Is The Differences Between Char And Nchar?
Both CHAR and NCHAR are fixed length string data types. But they have the following differences:
CHARs full name is CHARACTER.
NCHARs full name is NATIONAL CHARACTER.
By default, CHAR uses ASCII character set. So 1 character is always stored as 1 byte.
By default, NCHAR uses Unicode character set. NCHAR data are stored in UTF8 format. So 1 character could be stored as 1 byte or upto 4 bytes.
Both CHAR and NCHAR columns are defined with fixed lengths in units of characters.
How To Escape Special Characters In Sql Statements?
There are a number of special characters that needs to be escaped (protected), if you want to include them in a character string. Here are some basic character escaping rules:
The escape character () needs to be escaped as (\).
The single quote (‘) needs to be escaped as (‘) or (“) in single-quote quoted strings.
The double quote () needs to be escaped as (“) or (““) in double-quote quoted strings.
The wild card character for a single character () needs to be escaped as (_).
The wild card character for multiple characters (%) needs to be escaped as (%).
The tab character needs to be escaped as (t).
The new line character needs to be escaped as (n).
The carriage return character needs to be escaped as (r).
How To Concatenate Two Character Strings?
If you want concatenate multiple character strings into one, you need to use the CONCAT() function. Here are some good examples:
SELECT CONCAT(’Welcome’,’ to’) FROM DUAL;
Welcome to
SELECT CONCAT(wj’,’center’,’.com’) FROM DUAL;
wisdomjobs.com
How To Enter Characters As Hex Numbers?
If you want to enter characters as HEX numbers, you can quote HEX numbers with single quotes and a prefix of (X), or just prefix HEX numbers with (Ox). A HEX number string will be automatically converted into a character string, if the expression context is a string. Here are some good examples:
SELECT X313233’ FROM DUAL;
123
SELECT 0x414243 FROM DUAL;
ABC
How To Enter Boolean Values In Sql Statements?
If you want to enter Boolean values in SQL statements, you use (TRUE), (FALSE), (true), or (false). Here are some good examples:
SELECT TRUE, true, FALSE, false FROM DUAL;
How To Convert Numeric Values To Character Strings?
You can convert numeric values to character strings by using the CAST(value AS CHAR) function as shown in the following examples:
SELECT CAST(4123.45700 AS CHAR) FROM DUAL;
4123.45700
How To Get Rid Of The Last 2 0's?
SELECT CAST(4.12345700E+3 AS CHAR) FROM DUAL;
4123.457
SELECT CAST(1/3 AS CHAR);
0.3333
How To Use In Conditions?
An IN condition is single value again a list of values. It returns TRUE, if the specified value is in the list. Otherwise, it returns FALSE. Some examples are :
SELECT 3 IN (1,2,3,4,5) FROM DUAL;
1
SELECT 3 NOT IN (1,2,3,4,5) FROM DUAL;
0
SELECT Y’ IN (‘F’,’Y’,I) FROM DUAL;
1
How To Use Like Conditions?
A LIKE condition is also called pattern patch. There are 3 main rules on using LIKE condition:
is used in the pattern to match any one character.
% is used in the pattern to match any zero or more characters.
ESCAPE clause is used to provide the escape character in the pattern.
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