What is the actually used PHP version?
Version 7.1 or 7.2 is the recommended version of PHP.
What Happens If An Expected Input Field Was Not Submitted?
Obviously, if an expected input field was not submitted, there will no entry in the $_REQUEST array for that field. You may get an execution error, if you are not checking the existence of the expected entries in $_REQUEST. For example, if you copy processing_forms.php to your local Web server, and run your browser with http://localhost/processing_forms.php?name=Joe, you will an error page like this:
You have submitted the following information:
Name = Joe
Comments =
Thank you!
PHP Notice: Undefined index:
comment in ...\processing_forms.php on line 3
How To Avoid The Undefined Index Error?
If you don't want your PHP page to give out errors as shown in the previous exercise, you should consider checking all expected input fields in $_REQUEST with the isset() function as shown in the example script below:
<?php
if (isset($_REQUEST['name'])) {
$name = $_REQUEST['name'];
} else {
$name = "";
}
if (isset($_REQUEST['comment'])) {
$comment = $_REQUEST['comment'];
} else {
$comment = "";
}
print("<html><pre>");
print("You have submitted the following information:\n");
print(" Name = $name\n");
print(" Comments = $comment\n");
print("Thank you!\n");
print("</pre></html>\n");
?>
How To List All Values Of Submitted Fields?
If you want list all values of submitted fields, you can write a simple loop to retrieve all entries in the $_REQUEST array. Below is an improved version of processing_forms.php to list all submited input values:
<?php
print("<html><pre>");
$count = count($_REQUEST);
print("Number of values: $count\n");
foreach ($_REQUEST as $key=>$value) {
print(" $key = $value\n");
}
print("</pre></html>\n");
?>
How To Retrieve The Original Query String?
If you have coded some values in the URL without using the standard form GET format, you need to retrieve those values in the original query string in $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']. The script below is an enhanced version of processing_forms.php which print the original query string:
<?php
print("<html><pre>");
print(" query_string = {$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']}\n");
$count = count($_REQUEST);
print("Number of values: $count\n");
foreach ($_REQUEST as $key=>$value) {
if (is_array($value)) {
print(" $key is an array\n");
for ($i = 0; $i < count($value); $i++) {
$sub_value = $value[$i];
if (get_magic_quotes_gpc()) {
$sub_value = stripslashes($sub_value);
}
print(" ".$key."[".$i."] = ".$sub_value."\n");
}
} else {
if (get_magic_quotes_gpc()) {
$value = stripslashes($value);
}
print(" $key = $value\n");
}
}
print("</pre></html>\n");
?>
How To Support Multiple-page Forms?
If you have a long form with a lots of fields, you may want to divide the fields into multiple groups and present multiple pages with one group of fields on one page. This makes the a long form more user-friendly. However, this requires you to write good scripts that:
• When processing the first page and other middle pages, you must keep those input values collected so far in the session or as hidden values in the next page form.
• When processing the last page, you should collect all input values from all pages for final process, like saving everything to the database.
How To Close A Session Properly?
Let's say you site requires users to login. When a logged in user clicks the logout button, you need to close the session associated with this user properly in 3 steps:
1. Remove all session values with $_SESSION = array().
2. Remove the session ID cookie with the setcookie() function.
3. Destroy the session object with the session_destroy() function.
Below is a good sample script:
<?php
session_start();
$_SESSION = array();
if (isset($_COOKIE[session_name()])) {
setcookie(session_name(), '', time()-42000, '/');
}
session_destroy();
print("<html><pre>");
print("Thank you for visiting PICKZYCenter.com.\n");
print(" <a href=login.php>Login Again.</a>\n");
print("</pre></html>\n");
?>
Just use the PHP command line interface (CLI) and specify the file name of the script to be executed as follows:
php script.php
How can PHP and HTML interact?
It is possible to generate HTML through PHP scripts, and it is possible to pass pieces of information from HTML to PHP.
What type of operation is needed when passing values through a form or an URL?
If we would like to pass values through a form or an URL, then we need to encode and to decode them using htmlspecialchars() and urlencode().
How can we check the value of a given variable is a number?
It is possible to use the dedicated function, is_numeric() to check whether it is a number or not.
How can we check the value of a given variable is alphanumeric?
It is possible to use the dedicated function, ctype_alnum to check whether it is an alphanumeric value or not.
How do I check if a given variable is empty?
If we want to check whether a variable has a value or not, it is possible to use the empty() function.
What are the functions to be used to get the image's properties (size, width, and height)?
The functions are getimagesize() for size, imagesx() for width and imagesy() for height.
How failures in execution are handled with include() and require() functions?
If the function require() cannot access the file then it ends with a fatal error. However, the include() function gives a warning, and the PHP script continues to execute.
What is the main difference between require() and require_once()?
require(), and require_once() perform the same task except that the second function checks if the PHP script is already included or not before executing it.
(same for include_once() and include())
How can I display text with a PHP script?
Two methods are possible:
<!--?php echo "Method 1"; print "Method 2"; ?-->
How can we display information of a variable and readable by a human with PHP?
To be able to display a human-readable result we use print_r().
How is it possible to set an infinite execution time for PHP script?
The set_time_limit(0) added at the beginning of a script sets to infinite the time of execution to not have the PHP error 'maximum execution time exceeded.' It is also possible to specify this in the php.ini file.
Version 7.1 or 7.2 is the recommended version of PHP.
What Happens If An Expected Input Field Was Not Submitted?
Obviously, if an expected input field was not submitted, there will no entry in the $_REQUEST array for that field. You may get an execution error, if you are not checking the existence of the expected entries in $_REQUEST. For example, if you copy processing_forms.php to your local Web server, and run your browser with http://localhost/processing_forms.php?name=Joe, you will an error page like this:
You have submitted the following information:
Name = Joe
Comments =
Thank you!
PHP Notice: Undefined index:
comment in ...\processing_forms.php on line 3
 |
| Persistent Systems Most Frequently Asked PHP Latest Interview Questions Answers |
How To Avoid The Undefined Index Error?
If you don't want your PHP page to give out errors as shown in the previous exercise, you should consider checking all expected input fields in $_REQUEST with the isset() function as shown in the example script below:
<?php
if (isset($_REQUEST['name'])) {
$name = $_REQUEST['name'];
} else {
$name = "";
}
if (isset($_REQUEST['comment'])) {
$comment = $_REQUEST['comment'];
} else {
$comment = "";
}
print("<html><pre>");
print("You have submitted the following information:\n");
print(" Name = $name\n");
print(" Comments = $comment\n");
print("Thank you!\n");
print("</pre></html>\n");
?>
How To List All Values Of Submitted Fields?
If you want list all values of submitted fields, you can write a simple loop to retrieve all entries in the $_REQUEST array. Below is an improved version of processing_forms.php to list all submited input values:
<?php
print("<html><pre>");
$count = count($_REQUEST);
print("Number of values: $count\n");
foreach ($_REQUEST as $key=>$value) {
print(" $key = $value\n");
}
print("</pre></html>\n");
?>
How To Retrieve The Original Query String?
If you have coded some values in the URL without using the standard form GET format, you need to retrieve those values in the original query string in $_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']. The script below is an enhanced version of processing_forms.php which print the original query string:
<?php
print("<html><pre>");
print(" query_string = {$_SERVER['QUERY_STRING']}\n");
$count = count($_REQUEST);
print("Number of values: $count\n");
foreach ($_REQUEST as $key=>$value) {
if (is_array($value)) {
print(" $key is an array\n");
for ($i = 0; $i < count($value); $i++) {
$sub_value = $value[$i];
if (get_magic_quotes_gpc()) {
$sub_value = stripslashes($sub_value);
}
print(" ".$key."[".$i."] = ".$sub_value."\n");
}
} else {
if (get_magic_quotes_gpc()) {
$value = stripslashes($value);
}
print(" $key = $value\n");
}
}
print("</pre></html>\n");
?>
How To Support Multiple-page Forms?
If you have a long form with a lots of fields, you may want to divide the fields into multiple groups and present multiple pages with one group of fields on one page. This makes the a long form more user-friendly. However, this requires you to write good scripts that:
• When processing the first page and other middle pages, you must keep those input values collected so far in the session or as hidden values in the next page form.
• When processing the last page, you should collect all input values from all pages for final process, like saving everything to the database.
How To Close A Session Properly?
Let's say you site requires users to login. When a logged in user clicks the logout button, you need to close the session associated with this user properly in 3 steps:
1. Remove all session values with $_SESSION = array().
2. Remove the session ID cookie with the setcookie() function.
3. Destroy the session object with the session_destroy() function.
Below is a good sample script:
<?php
session_start();
$_SESSION = array();
if (isset($_COOKIE[session_name()])) {
setcookie(session_name(), '', time()-42000, '/');
}
session_destroy();
print("<html><pre>");
print("Thank you for visiting PICKZYCenter.com.\n");
print(" <a href=login.php>Login Again.</a>\n");
print("</pre></html>\n");
?>
How do you execute a PHP script from the command line?
Just use the PHP command line interface (CLI) and specify the file name of the script to be executed as follows:
php script.php
How can PHP and HTML interact?
It is possible to generate HTML through PHP scripts, and it is possible to pass pieces of information from HTML to PHP.
What type of operation is needed when passing values through a form or an URL?
If we would like to pass values through a form or an URL, then we need to encode and to decode them using htmlspecialchars() and urlencode().
How can we check the value of a given variable is a number?
It is possible to use the dedicated function, is_numeric() to check whether it is a number or not.
How can we check the value of a given variable is alphanumeric?
It is possible to use the dedicated function, ctype_alnum to check whether it is an alphanumeric value or not.
How do I check if a given variable is empty?
If we want to check whether a variable has a value or not, it is possible to use the empty() function.
What are the functions to be used to get the image's properties (size, width, and height)?
The functions are getimagesize() for size, imagesx() for width and imagesy() for height.
How failures in execution are handled with include() and require() functions?
If the function require() cannot access the file then it ends with a fatal error. However, the include() function gives a warning, and the PHP script continues to execute.
What is the main difference between require() and require_once()?
require(), and require_once() perform the same task except that the second function checks if the PHP script is already included or not before executing it.
(same for include_once() and include())
How can I display text with a PHP script?
Two methods are possible:
<!--?php echo "Method 1"; print "Method 2"; ?-->
How can we display information of a variable and readable by a human with PHP?
To be able to display a human-readable result we use print_r().
How is it possible to set an infinite execution time for PHP script?
The set_time_limit(0) added at the beginning of a script sets to infinite the time of execution to not have the PHP error 'maximum execution time exceeded.' It is also possible to specify this in the php.ini file.
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