Can Mosquitoes Transmit Aids Or Hepatitis?
No, despite testing by several laboratories, no conclusive evidence has been found to suggest that mosquitoes can transmit these diseases. The virus that causes AIDS can not survive in the mosquito like some other viruses such as Ross River virus. The mouthparts of a mosquito (the proboscis) are not like a syringe, i.e with a single channel where blood can go up and down. Rather, the proboscis has separate channels for saliva flow and blood intake, hence these diseases are not likely to be transmitted in the manner they can be with syringes.
How Do I Treat Mosquito Bites To Stop The Itch?
Cold water and ice can be useful, although ice should not be applied directly to the skin. A variety of commercial preparations can be obtained from the chemist including Eurax and Stingose. In severe cases, oral antihistamines may have to be administered and if symptoms persist, a physician should be consulted.
Do Ticks Jump?
No. People often think that because a tick often attaches in the head, that the tick has jumped out of the trees. As ticks are susceptible to desiccation, they tend not to climb very high in the vegetation. Once on a host, the tick may take several hours before finding a site to attach to, which is often on the head. Ticks do not have legs that are adapted for jumping.
How Long Does A Tick Have To Be Attached Before Paralysis Occurs?
This varies with individuals and some may not even experience paralysis with a fully engorged tick. Generally symptoms of paralysis start showing 2-4 days after the tick has attached.
In Australia there are around 400 species but only approximately 10 are commonly abundant and represent a serious pest threat because of their nuisance biting or their ability to transmit disease.
How Long Does A Mosquito Live?
This varies with the mosquito species and the time of the year. Some species may only live for less than a week, while others can live for several months over the winter months.
Mosquitoes Are Coming Into The House, How Do I Stop Them?
Intact flyscreens on all windows and doors will prevent mosquitoes entering. The main species that tend to enter houses are those that breed around houses. Thus it is important that any container that can hold water be emptied or removed.
Will Global Warming (from The Greenhouse Effect) Result In An Increase In Mosquito-borne Diseases?
This is very difficult to determine. Currently there are different theories as to the level and amount of climate change. Some models predict large changes in rainfall patterns, while other predict small changes. We may expect with increases in rainfall there would be an increase in mosquito numbers and a subsequent increase in mosquito-borne diseases, however this may not be the case. The biology of mosquito-borne diseases is a very complex issue and involves the mosquito vector, reservoir hosts and even sociological factors. In some areas, an increase in rainfall may even lead to a decrease in mosquito numbers! All we can be certain of, with global warming, is that there will be a change in the amount and distribution of disease, but to what extent, it is not known.
Are Mosquitoes From Wetlands A Health Or Pest Risk?
They can be under certain circumstances, this is described in detail in the Fact Sheets on "Mosquito Production and Management - Saline Wetlands, Freshwater and Constructed Wetlands, and Irrigation Wetlands".
Is There Lyme Disease In Australia?
There is some debate as to the presence of Lyme disease in Australia. Some workers believe that it is here. However, the most comprehensive tick survey undertaken in Australia to date, found no conclusive evidence for any spirochaete bacteria that may be responsible for the disease (see fact sheet on Lyme Disease for more information). If Lyme Disease is present in Australia, then that it must be very rare.
I Have Ticks In The Backyard, How Can I Get Rid Of Them?
This is very difficult, if not impossible to achieve. As ticks are very susceptible to desiccation, removing trees and shrubs will increase the amount of light to the ground, thereby decreasing the humidity levels and making conditions unfavourable for tick survival. Often this involves considerable environmental destruction and is not advisable. The presence of ticks in an area indicates that there are native animal hosts present (usually bandicoots) and this suggests that the environment is natural and healthy. If ticks are present, then it is best to undertake tick avoidance measures.
I Had A Severe Reaction After Removing A Tick, What Can I Do?
If an individual reacts severely to a tick bite, then potentially a life threatening anaphylactic reaction may occur in the future and tick avoidance measures must be a priority. Until recently it was possible for such people to be desensitised, however this is no longer possible do to the non-availability of reagents.
What Is Scabies?
Scabies is a condition caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, which burrows under the sensitive sections of skin, causing severe irritation. Transmission is usually from one infected individual to another. Diagnosis can only be achieved with a skin scraping, which is examined by microscopy, Scabies is easily treated with various readily obtained preparations from chemists.
Do Dogs Carry Human Scabies?
No, scabies mites are generally host specific and human infections are typically acquired from another infected human.
Can Bird Mites Burrow Under The Skin?
No, bird mites do not do this. Bird mites will repeatedly "test bite" but do not feed continuously.
How Do I Get Rid Of A Bird Mite Infestation?
Bird mite infestations originate from birds that are nesting within the house. The mites become a problem when the young birds fledge and the mites in the nest search for a new host to feed on. It is thus important that all nesting material is removed, sealed in plastic bags and discarded, and all access points for birds into the roof be sealed to prevent further reinfestations.
Do Head Lice Only Affect Dirty Children?
No, all children are equally at risk of acquiring head lice. Transmission occurs very easily through contact from one infected child to another. Being clean does not prevent infection.
Do I Need To Treat All Family Members If One Child Has Head Lice?
Yes, head lice are very easily transmitted from one family member to another. Not everyone will show signs of an infestation and thus all members should be treated at the same time. Likewise all bed linen should be washed in hot water and left to dry in the sun (or a hot clothes dryer).
Can I Get Pubic Lice From Dogs, Toilet Seats Or Towels?
No, pubic lice are host specific and are not a parasite of dogs. Acquiring public lice from toilet seats is unlikely, although sharing towels with an infested person can result in transmission.
What Symptoms Result From The Bite Of A White-tailed Spider?
Generally there is local pain, swelling and itching at the site of the bite. There is some evidence that local skin ulceration can occur although this is appears to be uncommon.
Something Seems To Be Biting Me And Causing A Severe Itch, What Can It Be?
This is very difficult to determine as there are many things that can irritate, and individual reactions vary from person to person. Insects may be the problem and there are a large variety that can bite (e.g. fleas, flies, mosquitoes, bird mites, etc) or irritate (various urticating caterpillars). However, humans are typically exposed daily to a huge variety of chemicals and other irritants, and these could be cause of the problem rather than insects or mites.
What Kinds Of Bugs Can The Entomologist Identify?
Any insects, spiders, ticks, or mites of medical importance. The health department does not provide identification services for agricultural, urban, or garden pests. Those specimens should be sent to the Cooperative Extension Service.
Does Ross River Only Occur In Northern Australia?
No, the disease occurs right across Australia in all states, including Tasmania. The locations that have little disease include those areas that are very dry such as the deserts (although disease transmission may occur after heavy rains), much of the mountain range of eastern Australia, and the major southern cities (although there may be cases on the outskirts).
Can I Get Ross River Disease In Sydney?
The chances are small. Within Sydney there are none of the animals (such as kangaroos) that act as the major host for the virus. However, there are known mosquito vectors present and with infected people returning from country areas where the virus is present, it is possible that human-mosquito-human transmission (normally the cycle is animal host-mosquito-human) may occur, although this has never been documented. Occasionally outbreaks of Ross River virus occur on the fringes of major cities, where both mosquito vector and animal hosts occur together, and this has happened in Perth, Brisbane, and in Sydney in the summer of 1996-97.
How Do I Prevent Mosquito Bites?
Prevention of mosquito bites can be achieved either through undertaking active mosquito control or by the use of personal protective measures. A variety of active mosquito control measures are available, including habitat modification in order to reduce water availability for breeding of the larval stage, through to the use of appropriate insecticides for controlling the larval or adult stage. These are large scale control measures which can only be undertaken by government bodies such as local councils. On a small scale, householders can ensure that their own backyard does not contain water holding containers which can provide suitable mosquito larval habitats (e.g. undrained pot plants, blocked gutters, disused bottles, old tyres, etc). Personal protective measures include: avoiding known mosquito infested areas, especially at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are most active;
ensuring that houses are adequately fly screened; using insect repellents that contain the chemical DEET, and reapplying it regularly; and wearing long sleeved shirts and pants. Other preventative measures include government based programs that undertake mosquito monitoring and virus surveillance from mosquitoes. These programs aim to act as an early warning system for virus activity by monitoring weather patterns, mosquito populations and viruses such as Ross River, Barmah Forest, Murray Valley encephalitis and Kunjin. In New South Wales, such a program has been running for several years at the Department of Medical Entomology at Westmead Hospital.
I Left The Head Of The Tick Behind, What Should I Do Now?
When a tick is removed, commonly a portion of the head or the mouthparts are left behind. Generally this does not cause any problems as the head of the tick will fall out as the skin sloughs off in time. However, if a local reaction does occur, then a physician should be consulted.
Is It Ok To Use Kerosene On The Tick To Remove It?
No, this often causes the tick to inject its saliva into the host and can increase the risk of transmitting disease causing organisms, or increase the risk of death from paralysis.
How Do I Remove A Tick?
Insect repellent may be applied to the tick, which will kill it. The tick should be removed with the aid of a pair of fine tipped forceps; the tick needs to be grasped as close the skin of the host as possible, and then forcibly removed.
How Do I Prevent Tick Bite?
A variety of methods exist to reduce the possibility of tick bite and prevention is best achieved via some form of personal protection. People who bushwalk in tick infested areas need to use an insect repellent, particularly one containing the chemical DEET, and this should be applied regularly to clothing. Wearing light coloured clothing is useful as ticks can be more easily spotted. Bushland locations which are highly tick infested should be avoided.
How Do I Treat Tick Bite?
Treatment is the same as that for mosquitoes; cold water and ice can be useful to relieve itching, although ice should not be applied directly to the skin. A variety of commercial preparations can be obtained from the chemist including Eurax and Stingose. In severe cases, oral antihistamines may have to be administered and if symptoms persist, a physician should be consulted.
No, despite testing by several laboratories, no conclusive evidence has been found to suggest that mosquitoes can transmit these diseases. The virus that causes AIDS can not survive in the mosquito like some other viruses such as Ross River virus. The mouthparts of a mosquito (the proboscis) are not like a syringe, i.e with a single channel where blood can go up and down. Rather, the proboscis has separate channels for saliva flow and blood intake, hence these diseases are not likely to be transmitted in the manner they can be with syringes.
How Do I Treat Mosquito Bites To Stop The Itch?
Cold water and ice can be useful, although ice should not be applied directly to the skin. A variety of commercial preparations can be obtained from the chemist including Eurax and Stingose. In severe cases, oral antihistamines may have to be administered and if symptoms persist, a physician should be consulted.
No. People often think that because a tick often attaches in the head, that the tick has jumped out of the trees. As ticks are susceptible to desiccation, they tend not to climb very high in the vegetation. Once on a host, the tick may take several hours before finding a site to attach to, which is often on the head. Ticks do not have legs that are adapted for jumping.
How Long Does A Tick Have To Be Attached Before Paralysis Occurs?
This varies with individuals and some may not even experience paralysis with a fully engorged tick. Generally symptoms of paralysis start showing 2-4 days after the tick has attached.
How Many Species Of Mosquitoes Are There?
In Australia there are around 400 species but only approximately 10 are commonly abundant and represent a serious pest threat because of their nuisance biting or their ability to transmit disease.
How Long Does A Mosquito Live?
This varies with the mosquito species and the time of the year. Some species may only live for less than a week, while others can live for several months over the winter months.
Mosquitoes Are Coming Into The House, How Do I Stop Them?
Intact flyscreens on all windows and doors will prevent mosquitoes entering. The main species that tend to enter houses are those that breed around houses. Thus it is important that any container that can hold water be emptied or removed.
Will Global Warming (from The Greenhouse Effect) Result In An Increase In Mosquito-borne Diseases?
This is very difficult to determine. Currently there are different theories as to the level and amount of climate change. Some models predict large changes in rainfall patterns, while other predict small changes. We may expect with increases in rainfall there would be an increase in mosquito numbers and a subsequent increase in mosquito-borne diseases, however this may not be the case. The biology of mosquito-borne diseases is a very complex issue and involves the mosquito vector, reservoir hosts and even sociological factors. In some areas, an increase in rainfall may even lead to a decrease in mosquito numbers! All we can be certain of, with global warming, is that there will be a change in the amount and distribution of disease, but to what extent, it is not known.
Are Mosquitoes From Wetlands A Health Or Pest Risk?
They can be under certain circumstances, this is described in detail in the Fact Sheets on "Mosquito Production and Management - Saline Wetlands, Freshwater and Constructed Wetlands, and Irrigation Wetlands".
Is There Lyme Disease In Australia?
There is some debate as to the presence of Lyme disease in Australia. Some workers believe that it is here. However, the most comprehensive tick survey undertaken in Australia to date, found no conclusive evidence for any spirochaete bacteria that may be responsible for the disease (see fact sheet on Lyme Disease for more information). If Lyme Disease is present in Australia, then that it must be very rare.
I Have Ticks In The Backyard, How Can I Get Rid Of Them?
This is very difficult, if not impossible to achieve. As ticks are very susceptible to desiccation, removing trees and shrubs will increase the amount of light to the ground, thereby decreasing the humidity levels and making conditions unfavourable for tick survival. Often this involves considerable environmental destruction and is not advisable. The presence of ticks in an area indicates that there are native animal hosts present (usually bandicoots) and this suggests that the environment is natural and healthy. If ticks are present, then it is best to undertake tick avoidance measures.
I Had A Severe Reaction After Removing A Tick, What Can I Do?
If an individual reacts severely to a tick bite, then potentially a life threatening anaphylactic reaction may occur in the future and tick avoidance measures must be a priority. Until recently it was possible for such people to be desensitised, however this is no longer possible do to the non-availability of reagents.
What Is Scabies?
Scabies is a condition caused by the mite Sarcoptes scabiei, which burrows under the sensitive sections of skin, causing severe irritation. Transmission is usually from one infected individual to another. Diagnosis can only be achieved with a skin scraping, which is examined by microscopy, Scabies is easily treated with various readily obtained preparations from chemists.
Do Dogs Carry Human Scabies?
No, scabies mites are generally host specific and human infections are typically acquired from another infected human.
Can Bird Mites Burrow Under The Skin?
No, bird mites do not do this. Bird mites will repeatedly "test bite" but do not feed continuously.
How Do I Get Rid Of A Bird Mite Infestation?
Bird mite infestations originate from birds that are nesting within the house. The mites become a problem when the young birds fledge and the mites in the nest search for a new host to feed on. It is thus important that all nesting material is removed, sealed in plastic bags and discarded, and all access points for birds into the roof be sealed to prevent further reinfestations.
Do Head Lice Only Affect Dirty Children?
No, all children are equally at risk of acquiring head lice. Transmission occurs very easily through contact from one infected child to another. Being clean does not prevent infection.
Do I Need To Treat All Family Members If One Child Has Head Lice?
Yes, head lice are very easily transmitted from one family member to another. Not everyone will show signs of an infestation and thus all members should be treated at the same time. Likewise all bed linen should be washed in hot water and left to dry in the sun (or a hot clothes dryer).
Can I Get Pubic Lice From Dogs, Toilet Seats Or Towels?
No, pubic lice are host specific and are not a parasite of dogs. Acquiring public lice from toilet seats is unlikely, although sharing towels with an infested person can result in transmission.
What Symptoms Result From The Bite Of A White-tailed Spider?
Generally there is local pain, swelling and itching at the site of the bite. There is some evidence that local skin ulceration can occur although this is appears to be uncommon.
Something Seems To Be Biting Me And Causing A Severe Itch, What Can It Be?
This is very difficult to determine as there are many things that can irritate, and individual reactions vary from person to person. Insects may be the problem and there are a large variety that can bite (e.g. fleas, flies, mosquitoes, bird mites, etc) or irritate (various urticating caterpillars). However, humans are typically exposed daily to a huge variety of chemicals and other irritants, and these could be cause of the problem rather than insects or mites.
What Kinds Of Bugs Can The Entomologist Identify?
Any insects, spiders, ticks, or mites of medical importance. The health department does not provide identification services for agricultural, urban, or garden pests. Those specimens should be sent to the Cooperative Extension Service.
Does Ross River Only Occur In Northern Australia?
No, the disease occurs right across Australia in all states, including Tasmania. The locations that have little disease include those areas that are very dry such as the deserts (although disease transmission may occur after heavy rains), much of the mountain range of eastern Australia, and the major southern cities (although there may be cases on the outskirts).
Can I Get Ross River Disease In Sydney?
The chances are small. Within Sydney there are none of the animals (such as kangaroos) that act as the major host for the virus. However, there are known mosquito vectors present and with infected people returning from country areas where the virus is present, it is possible that human-mosquito-human transmission (normally the cycle is animal host-mosquito-human) may occur, although this has never been documented. Occasionally outbreaks of Ross River virus occur on the fringes of major cities, where both mosquito vector and animal hosts occur together, and this has happened in Perth, Brisbane, and in Sydney in the summer of 1996-97.
How Do I Prevent Mosquito Bites?
Prevention of mosquito bites can be achieved either through undertaking active mosquito control or by the use of personal protective measures. A variety of active mosquito control measures are available, including habitat modification in order to reduce water availability for breeding of the larval stage, through to the use of appropriate insecticides for controlling the larval or adult stage. These are large scale control measures which can only be undertaken by government bodies such as local councils. On a small scale, householders can ensure that their own backyard does not contain water holding containers which can provide suitable mosquito larval habitats (e.g. undrained pot plants, blocked gutters, disused bottles, old tyres, etc). Personal protective measures include: avoiding known mosquito infested areas, especially at dawn and dusk when mosquitoes are most active;
ensuring that houses are adequately fly screened; using insect repellents that contain the chemical DEET, and reapplying it regularly; and wearing long sleeved shirts and pants. Other preventative measures include government based programs that undertake mosquito monitoring and virus surveillance from mosquitoes. These programs aim to act as an early warning system for virus activity by monitoring weather patterns, mosquito populations and viruses such as Ross River, Barmah Forest, Murray Valley encephalitis and Kunjin. In New South Wales, such a program has been running for several years at the Department of Medical Entomology at Westmead Hospital.
I Left The Head Of The Tick Behind, What Should I Do Now?
When a tick is removed, commonly a portion of the head or the mouthparts are left behind. Generally this does not cause any problems as the head of the tick will fall out as the skin sloughs off in time. However, if a local reaction does occur, then a physician should be consulted.
Is It Ok To Use Kerosene On The Tick To Remove It?
No, this often causes the tick to inject its saliva into the host and can increase the risk of transmitting disease causing organisms, or increase the risk of death from paralysis.
How Do I Remove A Tick?
Insect repellent may be applied to the tick, which will kill it. The tick should be removed with the aid of a pair of fine tipped forceps; the tick needs to be grasped as close the skin of the host as possible, and then forcibly removed.
How Do I Prevent Tick Bite?
A variety of methods exist to reduce the possibility of tick bite and prevention is best achieved via some form of personal protection. People who bushwalk in tick infested areas need to use an insect repellent, particularly one containing the chemical DEET, and this should be applied regularly to clothing. Wearing light coloured clothing is useful as ticks can be more easily spotted. Bushland locations which are highly tick infested should be avoided.
How Do I Treat Tick Bite?
Treatment is the same as that for mosquitoes; cold water and ice can be useful to relieve itching, although ice should not be applied directly to the skin. A variety of commercial preparations can be obtained from the chemist including Eurax and Stingose. In severe cases, oral antihistamines may have to be administered and if symptoms persist, a physician should be consulted.
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